Q: What steps were taken to foster the growth of Urdu by the government? [4]
ANS: The government has taken steps to foster the growth of Urdu. It is the medium of instructions in many educational institutions in Pakistan. A dictionary of office terms in Urdu has been published and steps have been taken to move away from English as the language of administration. Urdu is the medium for radio and television programmes. Urdu plays and films are very popular. Urdu novels, poetry, magazines and newspapers are widely read.
Q: Why did Pakistan choose Urdu as its national language in 1947? [7]
ANS: One of the reasons why Urdu became the national language in Pakistan is its long history. It was widely used in Mughal period and dates back as far as the sultans of Delhi. In its early stages it was used by the Muslim armies and became widely spoken and understood in many parts of the sub-continent. So it was natural that such a well-known and established language would be chosen.
Another reason for Urdu being chosen was its high status. Some of the finest early poets such as Amir Khusrou wrote in Urdu and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s school at Aligarh became a centre for Urdu study. Many religious books, including the Quran, were translated into Urdu. So it was considered an important language with a rich literary tradition.
Perhaps the major reason for Urdu being chosen was the fact that it was so closely associated with the Pakistan Movement. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan supported it and the Muslim league was formed not only to defend Muslim interests, but also to protect Urdu. The Quaid-e-Azam was particularly keen to promote Urdu as he saw it was it as a unifying force. Since Pakistan was a new country, it was very appropriate to pick a language which had played a part in unifying Muslims.
Q: How successful has been the promotion of local languages in Pakistan been since 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
ANS: Since 1947, the Pakistan government has took strong measures for the development and promotion of its regional languages, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Balochi, though some others like Brohi, Persian, Kashmiri and Siraiki are also spoken.
Punjabi, which is widely understood in Punjab, Azad Kashmir and few areas of N.W.F.P, has been promoted by the Govt. through media. Punjabi films, dramas and theatres have been become very popular. Newspaper, journals and magazines have also been very significant in promoting Punjabi culture & literature. New poets and writers like Munir Niazi, Ahmad Rahi, S.Kunjahi, Ashfaq Ahmad, Bano Qudsia and others have produce master pieces of poetry and writings in Punjabi. The Holy Quran has also been translated into Punjabi by M.Ali Faiq. Punjabi is taught up to MA level in Punjab University and Punjab Academy has translated and produced many books in Punjabi. This way round its promotion is quite significant.
Pashto, language spoken in N.W.F.P, has also been given due important in promotion and development. Peshawar University was established after 3 year of independence where Pashto is taught up to MA level. Pashto Academy was set up in 1954 which has prepared a well-renowned dictionary under Maulana A.Qadir. Pashto dramas and films have also gained importance. Pashto papers, journals and books have also helped Pashto language to promote. New writers & poets have also added to this contribution by producing classic poetry and stories Pashto typewriter has also been prepared. Hence Pashto has greatly been promoted over the year. Sindhi, spoken in Sindh, have also been nourished and nurtured through promotion and development since 1947.
Sindhi literary board was set up in 1948 which had produced many books with coordination of poets like F.N Bux and G. Allone. Sindhi library in Karachi has helped Sindhi literature spread. Many folk writings have also been produced. Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Muola have been set up which translates books into Sindhi. Sindhiology Dept. in Jamshoro University and development & promotion of Sindhi literature and culture through modern means. Example: TV, radio, newspapers e.t.c.
Balochi language which was at its decline before partition was given special attention for its promotion. Radio Pak Karachi now also broadcast in Balochi. Quetta TV centre have been producing marvelous dramas to help, develop and translate many books to Balochi and new poets like Atta Shad and writers have greatly contributed towards its promotion.
Thus, Pakistan has been very successful in promotion of its local languages. These languages have developed a lot due to Government policies designed for this purpose. On the other hand, poets & writers have also aided in this promotion and development.
Q: How successful has Pakistan been in promoting its regional languages? [14]
ANS: Since 1947, the Pakistan government has took strong measures for the development and promotion of its regional languages, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Balochi, though some others like Brohi, Persian, Kashmiri and Siraiki are also spoken.
Punjabi, which is widely understood in Punjab, Azad Kashmir and few areas of N.W.F.P, has been promoted by the Govt. through media. Punjabi films, dramas and theatres have been become very popular. Newspaper, journals and magazines have also been very significant in promoting Punjabi culture & literature. New poets and writers like Munir Niazi, Ahmad Rahi, S.Kunjahi, Ashfaq Ahmad, Bano Qudsia and others have produce master pieces of poetry and writings in Punjabi. The Holy Quran has also been translated into Punjabi by M.Ali Faiq. Punjabi is taught up to MA level in Punjab University and Punjab Academy has translated and produced many books in Punjabi. This way round its promotion is quite significant.
Pashto, language spoken in N.W.F.P, has also been given due important in promotion and development. Peshawar University was established after 3 year of independence where Pashto is taught up to MA level. Pashto Academy was set up in 1954 which has prepared a well-renowned dictionary under Maulana A.Qadir. Pashto dramas and films have also gained importance. Pashto papers, journals and books have also helped Pashto language to promote. New writers & poets have also added to this contribution by producing classic poetry and stories Pashto typewriter has also been prepared. Hence Pashto has greatly been promoted over the year.
Sindhi, spoken in Sindh, have also been nourished and nurtured through promotion and development since 1947. Sindhi literary board was set up in 1948 which had produced many books with coordination of poets like F.N Bux and G. Allone. Sindhi library in Karachi has helped Sindhi literature spread. Many folk writings have also been produced. Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Muola have been set up which translates books into Sindhi. Sindhiology Dept. in Jamshoro University and development & promotion of Sindhi literature and culture through modern means. Example: TV, radio, newspapers e.t.c.
Balochi language which was at its decline before partition was given special attention for its promotion. Radio Pak Karachi now also broadcast in Balochi. Quetta TV centre have been producing marvelous dramas to help, develop and translate many books to Balochi and new poets like Atta Shad and writers have greatly contributed towards its promotion.
Thus, Pakistan has been very successful in promotion of its regional languages. These languages have developed a lot due to Government policies designed for this purpose. On the other hand, poets & writers have also aided in this promotion and development.
Q: The promotion of regional languages in Pakistan between 1947 and 1988 has been more successful than the promotion of Urdu. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]
ANS: The points discussed below will demonstrate that the promotion of regional languages was more successful than the promotion of Urdu. Four important languages are Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Balochi. Soon after the partition, the government as well as the learned elite in each province made efforts for the progress of regional languages. In 1948, Sindhi Adabi board was set up and organizations such as Bazm-e-Talib-ulMuola and Sachal Sarmast Academy were founded. A number of compilations, translations and works of great Sindhi writers were published. In N.W.F.P, Pashto academy was founded in 1954 which prepared Pashto dictionary. Pashto literature received great attention after independence. Several magazines and newspapers are printed in Sindhi & Pashto and have wide circulation.
Punjabi is an old widely spoken language. Its popularity has been increasing through the media of TV, radio and films. After independence Punjabi, Sindhi and Pashto languages are taught up to degree and masters’ level and Ph.D degrees have been awarded for research in these languages. Balochi has also made progress and magazines are printed in this language.
Urdu is the national language and is the medium of communication connecting all parts of Pakistan. Pakistan constitution of 1973 clearly states that Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and arrangements should be made for it being used for official and other purposes within 15 years. But the civil bureaucracy of the country has not allowed Urdu to replace English for official purposes. The popularity of English has eclipsed the promotion of Urdu. English continues to be the office and court language and the language of educated people. English medium schools do not give importance to Urdu which it deserves as national language. For the promotion of Urdu, Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu, National Language Authority and Urdu Science College board have done good work. Urdu Science College was established in 1964 which was given the status of university in 2002. Therefore, it is correct to say that Urdu have received more attention and promotion than the promotion of regional languages. Successfully
Q: “Urdu was promoted the most than regional languages”. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
ANS: The points discussed below will demonstrate that Urdu was promoted more than the regional languages. Urdu carries immense importance for all Pakistan since it has been considered to be the language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the language associated with the Pakistan movement throughout its struggle with the British & Hindus. After independence it was felt that the language was the uniting force behind the nation and the government is committed to using at all levels in society. Urdu is the national language and is the medium of communication connecting all parts of Pakistan. Pakistan constitution of 1973 clearly states that Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and arrangements should be made for it being used for official and other purposes within 15 years.
For the promotion of Urdu, Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu, National Language Authority and Urdu Science College board have done good work. Urdu Science College was established in 1964 which was given the status of university in 2002.
Punjabi, which is widely understood in Punjab, Azad Kashmir and few areas of N.W.F.P, has been promoted by the Govt. through media. Punjabi films, dramas and theatres have been become very popular. Newspaper, journals and magazines have also been very significant in promoting Punjabi culture & literature. New poets and writers like Munir Niazi, Ahmad Rahi, S.Kunjahi, Ashfaq Ahmad, Bano Qudsia and others have produce master pieces of poetry and writings in Punjabi. The Holy Quran has also been translated into Punjabi by M.Ali Faiq. Punjabi is taught up to MA level in Punjab University and Punjab Academy has translated and produced many books in Punjabi. This way round its promotion is quite significant.
Pashto, language spoken in N.W.F.P, has also been given due important in promotion and development. Peshawar University was established after 3 year of independence where Pashto is taught up to MA level. Pashto Academy was set up in 1954 which has prepared a well-renowned dictionary under Maulana A.Qadir. Pashto dramas and films have also gained importance. Pashto papers, journals and books have also helped Pashto language to promote. New writers & poets have also added to this contribution by producing classic poetry and stories Pashto typewriter has also been prepared. Hence Pashto has greatly been promoted over the year. Sindhi, spoken in Sindh, have also been nourished and nurtured through promotion and development since 1947.
Sindhi literary board was set up in 1948 which had produced many books with coordination of poets like F.N Bux and G. Allone. Sindhi library in Karachi has helped Sindhi literature spread. Many folk writings have also been produced. Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Muola have been set up which translates books into Sindhi. Sindhiology Dept. in Jamshoro University and development & promotion of Sindhi literature and culture through modern means. Example: TV, radio, newspapers e.t.c. Balochi language which was at its decline before partition was given special attention for its promotion. Radio Pak Karachi now also broadcast in Balochi. Quetta TV centre have been producing marvelous dramas to help, develop and translate many books to Balochi and new poets like Atta Shad and writers have greatly contributed towards its promotion
Q: Why have regional languages been promoted by the Pakistan government since 1947? [7]
Ans: One of the reasons was that it was felt by the Pakistan government that in order to preserve the work done by the famous writers and poets in different languages, the languages should be promoted. The literature they produced must be kept alive for the coming generations. Works like of Munir Niazi, Atta Shad, Ashfaq Ahmad and others in areas of regional languages should be protected. So because of this thinking, govt. of Pakistan had made every possible attempt to promote the regional languages.
Secondly, some languages played an important role in the history of Pakistan. For example, Pushto literature had played a very important part in creating opposition to British rule and in the movement for independence. There to elevate the standard of such languages, govt. of Pakistan has tried to promote the regional languages since 1947. Thirdly, at the time of partition, there were some languages that were at the brink of decline. Like Balochi, which was at its decline at the time of partition. So govt. felt that it should be kept alive and not lost forever. Hence the language was promoted.
Can you plz address this question as well : “How important was the development of Sindhi language to Pakistan since 1947?”
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Ta’alim Alkashfaf-o-Tauheed” Sindhi journal played major part in its promotion.
1948, Sindhi Literary Board was set up.
It printed many books and magazines.
Sindhi authors, Pir Ali, G Allana, Muhammad Rashdi, Faqir Nabi Bux.
Several books have been written on Sindhi folk literature.
In 1954, “Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Maula was set up to promote Sindhi literature.
A Sarmast academy has been established in the memory of Sachal Sarmast.
A Sindhiology department has been established at Sindh University, Jamshoro.
Greater number of newspaper than any other regional language.
1972, Sindhi with Urdu became the national language of Sindh.
Urdu magazines, “Mah-e-Nau” and “Adabiyat” publish Urdu versions of Sindhi writings.
Requesting for getting the answer for the question : ” what development has occurred in Urdu after 1947? Please answer me !!! Thank you!
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URDU REFORMS AFTER INDEPENDENCE (1947)
After the partition, special attention was given to the promotion of Urdu, as it was taken as lingua franca and the most spoken and legible language throughout the country. The Hindi-Urdu rift was now over with Hindi no more in the region. However, other language issues emerged with the passage of time. The first constitution of Pakistan was the Interim Constitution of 1947, based on the India Act of 1935, which was followed by the Constitution of 1956. Both constitutions addressed the issue of language. The first conference on education took place in Karachi in December, 1947. The conference outlined the language teaching policy of the country, which included making Urdu the lingua franca of Pakistan and the compulsory language taught in schools, although it was not made a medium of instruction in schools at this point in time. In this manner, Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan and parts of Kashmir were using it as a medium of instruction while in Sindh, Sindhi language was being used as a medium of instruction. English medium schools were more and more in demand as time progressed.
At the same time that the number of printed publications in Urdu decreased in India, Urdu language became the major language in print in Pakistan. Even the Punjab Government constituted an Official Languages Committee under S&GAD with Additional Chief Secretary as Chairman and Secretary, Archives as Secretary. The main purpose of the Committee was to enable Urdu to be utilized in the official work. Therefore, translations, trainings to clerks and stenographers, official terminology and other measures were planned under this committee. The Committee has been publishing a bi-annual magazine with the name of Urdu Nama, for several decades, which used to contain useful articles and translations. A dictionary of official terms was also published, which seems very useful to translate English terms into Urdu.
In fact, the movement to implement Bengali as an official language created a crisis-packed situation especially in East Pakistan which progressively escalated even before the partition. Although, Quaid-i-Azam, who believed that unity could be ensured under single language, reiterated that only Urdu would be the official language of Pakistan.
By 1949 Karachi had become an overall Urdu speaking city. All road names were written in Urdu and the use of other languages would be stopped. There were other language planning options which took place. For example, apart from Constitutional decrees, the teaching of Urdu language became widespread, as well as the introduction of new terms and their inclusion in the dictionary.
The Constitution of 1956 resolved the Bengali language issue and Urdu and Bengali were declared national languages. However, the Constitution was short lived since in 1958 Iskander Mirza declared Martial Law and abrogated the Constitution.
The Constitution of 1962 had as well declared Urdu and Bengali as the national languages.
In 1971 Bengal separated from Pakistan and the 1973 Constitution, in its article 251,56 established Urdu as the national language with a pledge that within 15 years English would be replaced in the offices by the Urdu language. It also accepted the status of the regional languages and they could be taught parallel to Urdu and not to its detriment. After 1973, there have not been new Constitutions, rather, amendments are sporadically made to the current one.
Many efforts to make Urdu a practical language were formulated by different central and provincial governments and many platforms such as Muqtadra Qaumi Zuban, Academy Adbiyat, etc. were funded to promote Urdu to the status of official language. The Pakistani government allocated a budget of Rs.10,873,000 for Urdu Muqtadira Qaumi Zaban (National Language Authority) and Rs. 2,310,000 266 for Iqbal Academy, Lahore, Rs. 4,410,000 for Urdu Dictionary Board, Karachi, Rs. 3,009,000 for Urdu Science Board, Lahore, Rs. 1,000,000 for Lump provision for adoption of Urdu as Official Language, Rs. 50,000 Hasrat Mohani Memorial Trust, Rs. 1,021,000 for Karachi Pak Jamhuriat (weekly Urdu), Lahore, Rs. 190,000 for Presidential Award for Best Books on Iqbal and Iqbaliat, Rs. 10,829,000 for Urdu and other languages.57
The PPP education policy proposed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto did not present outrageous changes to the previous government policies. However, the Zia ul Haq’s language policy made Urdu compulsory since grade 1. He replaced the English books with Urdu books. His eleven years of rule brought out the most Islamized parts of society to express themselves. In this sense, they felt secure in relation to their language as compared to their English speaking counterparts as Zia ul Haq was against westernization. This was a period of rebellion on the part of the youth. His initial policy of replacing English with Urdu at the official level was never implemented.
The following governments of PPP and Muslim league have not really modified previous language policies. However, the widespread use of Urdu spans to most aspects of Pakistani life. English has continued to be associated with westernization and the schooling of the elite.
At present, Urdu has become a class marker, as the middle and lower classes have difficulty acquiring English language. Urdu is the language spoken at home for millions of Pakistanis, for many others a second language, after their regional language. It is the language of Pakistani Islam and the middle and lower classes. It is also the language of Pakistani right wing politics while English is the language of liberalism.
urdu has been promotted more than any other religional language in pak after 1947 do u agree or disagree(14 mark)
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How important was the development of regional languages to pak between 1947 and 1988 explain ur ans
Please browse the questions list or the front page ! The answer should address the reasons as to why was the development of regional languages an important matter for the govt?
Reason 1: It would help in national unity and give people a sense of pride
Binding people together, cultural identity, increases understanding among people.
and what a nation believes in.
Reason 2: Punjabi, Sindhi, and Pashto played an important role in the independence movement and creation of Pakistan so, it was necessary to promote these languages. Pashto has created opposition to British rule. Had….vast literature.
Reason 3: Balochi had little development before 1947. Balochi was developed
to bring it at the same level of development as the other regional
languages because it was at the brink of decline at the time of partition.
For example…………. Add any development………..
Reason 4: The literature of these languages played an important role in promoting freedom and independence. It was felt that work done by authors, writers, poets, Sufis should be kept alive. 1948…..Sindi literary board was……….printed books. BUlhe Shah………………Jam Darang of Balochistan…………………
Reason 5:Urdu was declared as the national language, therefore, for the people to feel that their provincial language was not being ignored. People from different regions may not feel that Urdu is being imposed on them.
Reason 6: Many languages played an important role in history for example Pushto literature…………….opposition to British, increases political awareness among people of KPk.